NUR 550 What is Translational Research?
The concept of translating scientific achievements from basic research into practical clinical applications remains a vital issue in modern healthcare. This concept is addressed through the emerging field of translational research, which seeks to bridge the gap between fundamental research and its practical application in the realm of health. Initially, translational research served as the bridge between laboratory-based (basic) research and clinical applications, often referred to as benchside-to-bedside research.
What Does Translational Research Mean in the Context of Health?
Over time, the definition of translational research has evolved beyond being solely associated with clinical research and the development of new health technologies. There is now a growing consensus on four distinct phases, each with its unique purpose within the broader scope of translational research.
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The first phase is concerned with the early transition of ideas and discoveries from basic research into applications for human use. The second phase involves establishing the effectiveness of these applications in humans and creating clinical guidelines for their incorporation into healthcare systems and services. The third phase focuses on the implementation and dissemination of knowledge in practical settings. The fourth and final phase centers on evaluating the impact of introduced technologies on patient outcomes, population effectiveness, and equity-related issues, examining whether the expected effects vary across different population groups.
Today, the European Society for Translational Medicine defines translational research with a broader scope, encompassing three key pillars: bench research, clinical research, and community research. This interdisciplinary approach aims to combine various subjects, resources, knowledge, and techniques to advance prevention, diagnosis, and therapies, with the ultimate goal of significantly improving the global healthcare system.
The extension of translational research into health systems is increasingly evident and important. It is intriguing to consider why it has taken health policy managers some time to fully appreciate the potential of translational research. The field of translational research encompasses not only laboratory studies and clinical demands but also public health, health management, policies, and economics. It plays a critical role in the evolution of contemporary biomedical science, touching on political-economic, ethical-social, and educational-scientific aspects. To advance translational research, academic teams with a translational focus are in high demand. This need arises from the growing gap between basic research and practical applications, driven in part by the increasing specialization of scientific disciplines.
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In recent years, translational research has expanded its horizons to encompass various aspects, including policy implementation and the development of technology beyond drugs and diagnostic testing. It now involves translating knowledge into political and organizational practices, recognizing the importance of bringing scientific insights into real-world decision-making processes.
To move in this direction, translational research has broadened its scope and established connections to facilitate the translation of knowledge into practice. It is defined as a systematic and transparent process that involves synthesizing, disseminating, exchanging, and ethically applying knowledge to enhance outcomes, strengthen public policies, improve health systems, and enhance population health. This process covers all phases between the creation and the practical application of scientific knowledge, considering various modalities and diverse epistemological and methodological perspectives to achieve more beneficial outcomes for society.
NUR-550 NUR-550-O503 Evidence-Based Practice Project Proposal: Research Design Comparison
Nursing Practice Problem: The nursing practice problem is obesity among school-age children.
Comparison 1: Translational Research vs. Qualitative Research
| Criteria | Peer-Reviewed Translational Article and Permalink/Working Link:
Joseph, E. D., Kracht, C. L., St. Romain, J., Allen, A. T., Barbaree, C., Martin, C. K., & Staiano, A. E. (2019). Young children’s screen time and physical activity: Perspectives of parents and early care and education center providers. Global Pediatric Health, 6, 2333794X19865856. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2333794X19865856 Translational Research Type: Translation to practice (T3) |
Peer-Reviewed Traditional Article and Permalink/Working Link:
Stiglic, N., & Viner, R. M. (2019). Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: A systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open, 9(1), e023191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023191 Traditional Qualitative Research Type: systematic review of past literature. |
Observations (Similarities/Differences) |
| Methodology | Four focus groups (3 parents and 1 ECE provider) were conducted and thematic analysis performed to identify themes and subthemes on children’s screen time and physical activity.
Twenty-eight caregivers (21 parents and 7 ECE providers) participated in the research. |
A systematic review of past studies on the evidence for health and well-being effects of screen time in children and adolescents was conducted. 13 reviews were identified. | Joseph et al. (2019) used focus groups while Stiglic and Viner (2019) did a literature review. |
| Goals | The primary goal was to seek input from caregivers on barriers and facilitators of physical activity and screen time to comprehensively address them and promote children’s health.
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The study systematically examined the evidence of harms and benefits relating to screen time for children and young people’s health and well-being. | Joseph et al. (2019) examined how caregivers’ input regarding physical activity and screen time can be used to promote children’s health while Stiglic and Viner (2019) examined what past studies concluded regarding harms and benefits of screen time and children’s health and well-being. |
| Data Collection | Data for the study was obtained from focus groups containing twenty-eight caregivers. Focus groups were held between January and March 2017. | Stiglic and Viner (2019) searched electronic databases (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL) in February 2018. | Joseph et al. (2019) collected data from participants while Stiglic and Viner (2019) collected from peer-reviewed articles. |
Exploring Key Concepts in Biomedical Research and Ethics
The Institutional Review Board (IRB) plays a pivotal role in the landscape of biomedical research involving human subjects, operating within the framework of FDA regulations. Its primary function is to review and oversee such research, emphasizing the safeguarding of human rights and the welfare of research participants. The IRB utilizes a collaborative approach to evaluate research protocols and associated materials, including the crucial aspect of informed consent. This meticulous review process ensures that the rights and welfare of human research subjects are comprehensively protected (FDA, 2019).
Population health represents the study of health outcomes within a specific group of individuals, encompassing the factors that influence this distribution. Furthermore, it considers the policies and interventions that can influence these determinants. Various research endeavors are dedicated to achieving the “triple aims” objective, which comprises enhancing population health, reducing healthcare costs, and elevating the overall patient experience.
The Belmont report provides a foundation for understanding the ethical principles underpinning human subject research. It delineates three fundamental principles: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Respect for persons involves obtaining informed consent and acknowledging the autonomy of research participants. The concept of beneficence entails conducting a risk-benefit analysis for research studies, weighing potential benefits against potential risks to minimize harm. Additionally, the principle of justice emphasizes equitable distribution of the burdens and potential benefits associated with research participation (OHRP, 2018).
A practical illustration of these ethical considerations can be applied in a scenario where a hospital is striving to reduce readmissions within a specific patient population. In the context of beneficence, the focus should shift toward implementing care strategies that yield better overall health outcomes, rather than solely considering cost-related aspects. Respecting persons means providing detailed post-discharge instructions and coordinating out-patient services to emphasize follow-up treatments. To ensure fairness (justice) and data accuracy, it may be appropriate to exclude patients who decline follow-up care or fail to adhere to care instructions from the calculation of relevant metrics. These actions align with the ethical principles of the Belmont report and underscore the significance of patient-centered and ethically sound approaches in healthcare (OHRP, 2018).
Comparison 2: Translational Research vs. Quantitative Research
| Criteria | Peer-Reviewed Translational Article and Permalink/Working Link:
Schwarzfischer, P., Gruszfeld, D., Socha, P., Luque, V., Closa-Monasterolo, R., Rousseaux, D., … & Grote, V. (2020). Effects of screen time and playing outside on anthropometric measures in preschool aged children. PloS One, 15(3), e0229708. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229708 Translational Research Type: research focused on outcomes in populations (T4) |
Peer-Reviewed Traditional Article and Permalink/Working Link:
Goncalves, W. S. F., Byrne, R., Viana, M. T., & Trost, S. G. (2019). Parental influences on screen time and weight status among preschool children from Brazil: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(1), 1-8. doi: 10.1186/s12966-019-0788-3 Traditional Quantitative Research Type: A cross-sectional study. [experimental research] |
Observations (Similarities/Differences) |
| Methodology | Schwarzfischer et al. (2020) assessed children of the European Childhood Obesity Project annually by questionnaire from 3 until 6 years of age with focus on playing outside (PO) and screen time. | A survey measuring sociodemographic data, weekday and weekend screen time, and parental self-efficacy for limiting screen time. | Both studies evaluated outcomes. However, Schwarzfischer et al. (2020) used questionnaires while Goncalves et al. (2019) did a survey. |
| Goals | Schwarzfischer et al. (2020) investigated the relationship between average time spent on playing outside and screen time and anthropometric measures (body weight, waist circumference, and height) at 3 and 6 years of age. | Goncalves et al. (2019) examined the relationships between parental screen time, self-efficacy to limit screen time, child screen time and child BMI in preschool-aged children. | Both researches examined the relationship between screen time and measures related to obesity such as weight gain. However, Schwarzfischer et al. (2020) focused on various anthropometric measures while Goncalves et al. (2019) focused on child BMI. |
| Data Collection | Body weight, waist circumference and height were measured at 3 and 6 years of age to calculate Body-Mass-Index z-Scores (zBMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WTH) of 526 children of CHOP.
Schwarzfischer et al. (2020) applied linear, logistic and quantile regressions to test whether playing outside and screen time impacted anthropometric measures. |
Height and weight were measured to derive BMI and BMI percentile.
Goncalves et al. (2019) further used observed variable path analysis to examine the relationship between parental and child variables. |
Schwarzfischer et al. (2020) measured zBMI and waist-to-height ratio while Goncalves et al. (2019) measured height and weight to derive BMI. |
Discussion NUR 550 Translational Research Graphic Organizer
References
Goncalves, W. S. F., Byrne, R., Viana, M. T., & Trost, S. G. (2019). Parental influences on screen time and weight status among preschool children from Brazil: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(1), 1-8. doi: 10.1186/s12966-019-0788-3
Joseph, E. D., Kracht, C. L., St. Romain, J., Allen, A. T., Barbaree, C., Martin, C. K., & Staiano, A. E. (2019). Young children’s screen time and physical activity: Perspectives of parents and early care and education center providers. Global Pediatric Health, 6, 2333794X19865856. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2333794X19865856
Schwarzfischer, P., Gruszfeld, D., Socha, P., Luque, V., Closa-Monasterolo, R., Rousseaux, D., … & Grote, V. (2020). Effects of screen time and playing outside on anthropometric measures in preschool aged children. PloS One, 15(3), e0229708. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229708
Stiglic, N., & Viner, R. M. (2019). Effects of screentime on the health and well-being of children and adolescents: A systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open, 9(1), e023191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023191
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